Searching for Academic Research
The following flow diagram provides a basic overview of the search process you will go through when trying to locate academic literature and research.
1. Define your topic
Before you can begin your literature search you need to define your topic area.
2. Background reading
Before you begin your search proper it can be useful to undertake some general, background reading on your topic. This will help you to familiarise yourself with the topic and some of the key ideas and issues associated with it. It will also give you insight into some of the key terminology connected to your topic, which will become important later on. 
3. Create research questions and keywords
Creating a research question or questions will help you to structure your literature search (and also your literature review). It may be that you want to develop an overarching research question and then a couple of sub questions that allow you to focus on specific aspects of your topic. You may also want to consider the parameters you are going to place on your literature search. For example, are you going to focus on a specific geographic area? Will you confine your search to a specific time period? Will you just be focusing on a specific area of education or school (e.g. primary schools, secondary schools etc)?
You also will need to come up with a list of keywords or terms to structure your search around.
4. Identify possible sources
There are a range of different sources that you can engage with. The Unitec library website has helpful video tutorials, which will provide you with more detailed information on how to search for each of these sources. Some of the most common sources of research literature include:
Books: Search for books using the keyword search function on the library catalogue. For more information go to:
Journal Articles: Journal articles are one of the best sources for academic literature. The most important research is published in journals and because they are published regularly they tend to contain more up-to-date information than books. There are lots of education journals, many of which focus on a specific area of education (e.g. teacher education and professional development, technology, pedagogy, curriculum etc). The majority of journals operate a rigorous peer review system, which means that all articles have been reviewed by other academics before they are published.
There are several different types of journal articles. Some of the main types include research papers, review articles, opinion pieces and case-studies.
There are several ways that you can locate journal articles:
- Use websites such as Google Scholar (NB to access many of the articles that you find on Google Scholar you will need to use the library online catalogue).
- Databases – you can conduct keyword searches on academic databases to find relevant articles. For more information go to: http://libguides.unitec.ac.nz/content.php?pid=418921&sid=3497515
Grey Literature
You also may want to consult grey literature. Grey literature refers to academic material that has not been formally published. The Fourth International Conference on Grey Literature (GL '99) in Washington, DC, in October 1999 defined grey literature as follows: "That which is produced on all levels of government, academics, business and industry in print and electronic formats, but which is not controlled by commercial publishers."
Grey literature includes reports (including technical reports, statistical reports, governmental reports, policy reports), theses, conference proceedings, official documents that have not been published commercially). Research reports are published by a range of institutions and organisations, for example Ministries of Education, think tanks, not for profits, consultancies, private research organisations. Most conferences will also publish their proceedings papers as well. The best way to locate these is to conduct a keyword search using an Internet search engine.
The Unitec library website contains some resources to help you in your evaluation of sources found on the Internet. http://libguides.unitec.ac.nz/content.php?pid=418921&sid=3424396
Use the reference list at the ends of books, journal articles and reports to help guide your literature search. Also, if an author references a source in their writing that sounds interesting, use the reference list to find the source. It is always best to go back to the original source rather than relying on another author’s interpretation.
5. Organising and keeping track of your sources
You might find it helpful to develop a way of keeping track of all the different sources that you are engaging with. You may want to do this informally in a Word document or spreadsheet or you can use specially designed referencing software. Mendeley is a free and easy to use reference manager and pdf organiser (https://www.mendeley.com).
6. More information
For more information on conducting your literature search go to the Unitec library website or read the document ‘How to conduct an effective literature search’ which is available on the platform.
Key information about quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods studies
Both quantitative and qualitative studies are valuable and valid research methodologies. One is not better or worse than the other. Rather, different methodologies are better suited to answer some questions than others. This table presents some of the key differences between quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods studies.
How to interpret and critically assess literature
It is important when you read research literature that you are critically engaging with it. Critical reading requires you to:
- Interpret: understand the significance of the data or findings
- Analyse: examine the text in detail to determine its meaning
- Question: interrogate the assertions and assumptions presented in the text
- Reason: develop your own point of view on the text
- Evaluate: judge the credibility or strength of the text based on its reliability, validity and generalisability.
The following table contains questions that you should be thinking about as you engage with the literature.
General |
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Purpose |
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Research Design |
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Methods |
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Sample |
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Data analysis |
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Ethical questions |
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Main findings |
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Conclusions |
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Limitations |
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Articles
The table below contains a list of the sample articles and papers on each of the suggested topic areas. These articles are designed to provide you with a starting point for your own literature search. You need to make sure that you engage with literature beyond these sources.
The table below contains a list of the sample articles and papers on each of the suggested topic areas. These articles are designed to provide you with a starting point for your own literature search. You need to make sure that you engage with literature beyond these sources.